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Vomiting and Diarrhea



What is it ?
Like fever, vomiting and diarrhea are not illness themselves, but are common symptoms of many other common illnesses of childhood. The most common cause of vomiting and diarrhea in children is a stomach or intestinal infection, typically caused by a virus, but occasionally can be caused by a bacteria or parasite. These viruses are contagious, so typically other children or family members will have it as well. Other illnesses that can cause vomiting and diarrhea include:
  • Strep throat infection
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Respiratory or sinus infection
  • Meningitis
  • Ear infection
  • Appendicitis
  • Reyes syndrome
  • Milk or food allergy
  • Side effects from oral medications (usually antibiotics) .


Causes include :
  • Bacteria, viruses or parasites
  • Food poisoning
  • Consumption of irritating food, drink or medication
  • Pregnancy
  • Overeating or overdrinking (especially alcohol)
  • Stress or anxiety
Transmission takes place by :
  • Touching contaminated objects then touching your mouth
  • Consuming drinks or food contaminated by ill food handlers
  • Having close contact with another person who is infected, for example by providing health care or sharing food or utensils

What are the symptoms?
The following signs indicate a need to contact the our physician:
  • Stomach contents or diarrhea with blood or bile in them. Bile is a bright yellow green color.
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Strenuous, repeated vomiting
  • Swollen abdomen
  • Lethargy or severe irritability
  • Convulsions or seizures
  • Inability to drink adequate amounts of fluid
  • Vomiting following a head injury
  • Moderate to severe dehydration (see below) or continued vomiting or watery diarrhea with a mild diarrhea .

Condition
Symptom
Mild dehydration
  • Restless / fussy
  • Acts hungry or thirsty all the time
  • Urinates less frequently than unusual, requires fewer diaper changes. Urine will have a strong odor and will be darker yellow than normal.
Moderate dehydration
  • Has decreased interest in play
  • Eyes are sunken with few tears
  • Child's mouth is dry with little or no saliva
  • Has not urinated in 8 hours or has urinated fewer than
  • 3 times in 24 hours
Severe dehydration

  • Lack in interest in playing and extreme sleepiness (the child may be so sleepy that he or she is difficult to wake up)
  • Eyes are very sunken and without tears
  • Mouth and tongue are very dry
  • Drinks poorly/unable to drink
  • No urination in 12 hours



How can we treat vomiting and diarrhea?
It is important to prevent dehydration. Make sure the child drinks plenty of fluids when they are sick (even though they may not be thirsty) such as an oral rehydration solution. Nursing mothers should continue to breastfeed. If child is suffering from diarrhea, avoid sugar-based beverages such as sports drinks, soda, or juices. The sugar can draw water into the intestines and away from the rest of the body, making the diarrhea worse and increasing the risk of dehydration. Additionally, these beverages may not contain electrolytes that need to be replenished.

Prevention breaks the chain of transmission:
  • Clean your hands frequently with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand cleaner, especially after toilet visits and before eating.
  • Don't share eating utensils, drinking glasses, toothbrushes or other personal items.
  • Flush vomit and feces in the toilet and make sure that the surrounding area is clean.
  • Throughly clean and disinfect contaminated surfaces including doorknobs and faucets immediately after an episode of illness. Spray the area with a disinfectant cleaner (e.g. Lysol).
  • Wash soiled clothing or linens in hot water.
  • Place contaminated waste in a plastic bag, tie the bag and put it in a trash receptacle.
  • Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth.
  • Stay home when you are sick.

Oral-rehydration suggested scheduled:
Age
Amount
Timing
Less than 2
½ cup
Every hour
Older than 2
Up to 1 cup
Every hour
If vomiting - even if your child vomits after drinking the fluid part if it will stay down
1-2 teaspoons
Every 1-2 minutes. Once the child is doing better increase to bigger sips spread 5 minutes apart

Once nausea and vomiting have subsided you can resume a normal diet such as breastfeeding, formula (½ strength for 2 days), or solid foods (avoid high fat foods).


Self-care for adults:
For vomiting, follow these instructions in order:
  1. Do not eat or drink anything for several hours after vomiting.
  2. Sip small amounts of water or suck ice chips every 15 minutes for 3-4 hours.
  3. Next sip clear liquids every 15 minutes for 3-4 hours. Examples include water, sports drinks, flat soda, clear broth, gelatin, flavored ice or apple juice. Do not drink citrus juices. Increase fluids as tolerated.
  4. When you can tolerate clear liquids for several hours without vomiting and if you're hungry, try eating small amounts of bland foods. Try foods such as bananas, rice, applesauce, dry toast (these foods are called BRAT diet), soda crackers. For 24-48 hours after the last episode of vomiting, avoid foods that can irritate or may be difficult to digest such alcohol, caffeine, fats/oils, spicy food and dairy products
  5. When you can tolerage bland food, you can resume your normal diet.

Important additional information
  • When a toddler vomits, it is important to make sure he or she has not swallowed medications, household liquids, or other poisons. Look around the house for empty containers and spills. There may be pills in your child's vomit or the vomit may have an unusual appearance, color, or odor.
  • Do not give your child anti-diarrheal medications unless your physician tells you too.

Name : Yayan Nurlian
Class : 2 D
Npm : 111510379
Faculty : health faculty, public health



yayan nurlian

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